Questions to Consider Before Sentencing Joshua 1. Joshua has spent two weeks in jail awaiting sentencing. Should he spend any more time in jail? Or are there better ways to deal with his situation?

2. Since Joshua was 13, he has lived with his mother and her medical problems. He says she became a different person following her first surgery. She became quieter, less attentive to Joshua, and rarely left the house. Medication became a part of her daily life. Would more counseling help Joshua understand and accept his mother's condition? It hasn't helped in the past. What can the court do to help Joshua and his mother get at the root of their problems and get along?

3. Would you release Joshua to his mother? If so, what can you do to make sure they don't continue to fight?

4. Joshua wants to live with his older brother, who is on probation for drug use. Would you allow him to live there? Why?

5. Knowing Joshua's attitude toward school, what is the best way to make sure he goes back to school and stays there?

You Be the Judge

6. Based on the information available, what should Joshua's sentence be and why?

Your Response to the Judge's Decision

7. Are you surprised by the judge's sentence? Why or why not?

8. Was it harder or easier on Joshua than your sentence? In what ways?

9. What part of the judge's sentence do you agree with? What part do you disagree with? Why?

10. Were you surprised that Joshua got locked up in the first place for missing school? Did the court go too far, or was jail the only alternative?

11. What do you predict will happen to Joshua? Why?

Final Thoughts

12. What do you feel was the main cause of Joshua's problems? Could his problems have been handled in a different way by the court?

13. Joshua seemed to get his life together once he lived with his grandmother. Should the court have considered that option earlier?

14. Has a family member ever suffered from a serious illness? How did it affect your relationship with that person? How did it affect your relationship with your family as a whole? What was hardest about it?

15. Have you ever cut school or thought about dropping out? What makes school hard? Are you able to sometimes, think positively about school? What makes you have positive thoughts about school?

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formal arguments

in written, formal arguments, the best way to build credibility with readers is to provide them with evidence. no matter what your argument might be and which side you agree with, citing strong evidence to back up your claim leaves the opposition with little to argue.

emotional appeal is often used in oral arguments. written arguments, however, rely on four main types of evidence. as you read further, you will see that some types are more credible than others and "hold more water" so to speak.

statistical evidence

the strongest type of evidence in formal writing is statistical evidence. this ranges from true, hard data presented as a percentage or number, to survey-type data. for example, statistical evidence could be:

4 out of 5 experts claim

85% of women in the united

7 members were present

statistical evidence can be proven as fact. you can actually go out and find hard information to prove your particular claim.

testimonial evidence

the use of celebrities as credibility evidence can be considered testimonial in nature. many people look up to celebrities as role models in their lives. good or bad, when a person chooses a life-path that takes them into public light, there will be many others out there who want to emulate the celebrity. these celebrity endorsements provide the second-strongest type of evidence found in formal arguments.

testimonial evidence can also be collected from experts and authorities in a given field. doctors, dentists, lawyers often provide expert testimonials. their authority is not often questions. they are expected to "know their stuff."

anecdotal evidence

when storytelling is involved as evidence, anecdotal evidence is being used. due to its less objective nature, anecdotal evidence is not extremely strong. when coupled with statistical or testimonial evidence, anecdotal evidence can be highly effective in determining credibility or proof.

storytelling, although based on fact, can include quite a bit of opinion, thus making it less objective. usually, eyewitnesses are used as providers of anecdotal evidence. they saw or experienced the phenomenon at hand are telling their version or side of the story.

analogical evidence

when information is scarce about something and little is known, analogical evidence is often used in a formal argument to increase credibility of the proof. if the phenomenon in question is new and little is known about it, analogical evidence that pulls in known factors about a similar phenomenon to show parallels can be an effective way to provide proof.

due to limited knowledge about the phenomenon, in this situation, analogical evidence can be regarded as the weakest type of evidence used in formal arguments. one can only imagine and hope that the comparison-phenomenon is close enough that the results can be applied to the new phenomenon.

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all that really matters in a formal argument is whether or not the writer has credible evidence to back up what they want to say or what they are thinking. so often, we hear people say, "prove it! " to one another.

one last little formal arguments not only provide credible evidence to support claims, don't forget that acknowledgment of the opposing point of view in an argument also strengthens the entire product.

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