"pacific offshore cetacean take reduction plan: section 229.31"

before

after notification of nmfs, this final rule requires all ca/or dgn vessel operators to have attended one skipper education workshop after all workshops have been convened by nmfs in september 1997. ca/or dgn vessel operators are required to attend skipper education workshops at annual intervals thereafter, unless that requirement is waived by nmfs. nmfs will provide sufficient advance notice to vessel operators by mail prior to convening workshops.

after

after notification from nmfs, vessel operators must attend a skipper education workshop before commencing fishing each fishing season.

source: “leaving skippers at sea.” plain language at work newsletter. impact information plain language services, 10 apr. 2006. web. 23 aug. 2011.

these excerpts are from two different versions of "pacific offshore cetacean take reduction plan regulations," which have been published by the national marine fisheries service (nmfs). which principle of plain language is applied to the first passage to create the second passage?

a. the use of passive voice and short sentences
b. the use of precise legal language and correct punctuation
c. the use of common words and short sentences
d. the use of active voice and effective design features