The thought of Plato, of Aristotle, and of the heroes of modern philosophy is ever proving anew its fructifying power. Nowhere do we find such instructive errors as in the sphere of philosophy, nowhere is the new so essentially a completion and development of the old, even though it
deem itself the whole and assume a hostile attitude toward its predecessors; nowhere is the inquiry so much more important than the final result
nowhere the categories "true and false" so inadequate. The spirit of the time and the spirit of the people, the individuality of the thinker, disposition,
will, fancy -- all these exert a far stronger influence on the development of philosophy, both by way of promotion and by way of hindrance, than in
any other department of thought. If a system gives classical expression to the thought of an epoch, a nation, or a great personality, if it seeks to
attack the world-riddle from a new direction, or brings us nearer its solution by important original conceptions, by a subtler or a simpler
comprehension of the problem, by a wider outlook or a deeper insight; it has accomplished more than it could have done by bringing forward a
number of indisputably correct principles.
(from History of Modern Philosophy by Richard Falckenberg)
Which device does the author use throughout the passage?
O 1. parallelism
O 2. rhetorical question
O 3. paradox
O 4. simile

the service industry in the united states grew in the late 1800s. what was one effect of that growth?

the number of people with jobs in factories as unskilled workers decreased.

the number of people with jobs in factories as unskilled workers increased.

the middle class grew as people took jobs as clerks, lawyers, and teachers.

the middle class shrank as people left jobs as clerks, lawyers, and teachers.

what: when quoting a source, use the author’s words verbatim, or word-for-word. this means you shouldn’t change any grammar, punctuation, spelling, etc. put quotations around the words to tell your reader where the quote begins and where it ends.

you also need to acknowledge the author. for example, if using mla format for your research paper, you should have in-text citations with the author’s name and page number listed at the end of each quote.

when: use quotations to provide concrete examples to support your claims. using direct quotations is a great way to build your credibility on the subject. it’s also a good idea to quote your source when the author states things in a powerful way. if you think he or she said it best, then use the exact words to share the ideas.

example: in the short story “a jury of her peers”, mrs. hale compares mrs. wright to her caged bird, saying “she—come to think of it, she was kind of like a bird herself. real sweet and pretty, but kind of timid and—fluttery. how—she—did—change” (glaspell).

paraphrasing

what: paraphrasing differs from quoting because you restate the passage in your own words. since you don’t use the author’s words, you don’t need to use quotation marks. however, you still need to acknowledge the author for his or her ideas.

when paraphrasing a text, you should communicate the full meaning of the text; don’t change the meaning. it can be a condensed version of the text, or it could end up being longer than the source it’s paraphrasing.

when: you use paraphrasing when you take notes, or explain a chart or diagram to someone. paraphrasing highlight the important parts of a larger text. it also allows you to simplify the ideas for your readers.

example:

original: “it was no ordinary thing that called her away–it was probably further from ordinary than anything that had ever happened in dickson county. but what her eye took in was that her kitchen was in no shape for leaving: her bread all ready for mixing, half the flour sifted and half unsifted” (glaspell).

paraphrase: as mrs. hales walks around mrs. wright’s home, she notices that the kitchen is in disarray as if she was in the middle of baking bread (glaspell).

evertheless he ought to be slow to believe and to act, nor should he himself show fear, but proceed in a temperate manner with prudence and humanity, so that too much confidence may not make him incautious and too much distrust render him intolerable.

explanation: