Read the excerpt from A Short Walk Around the Pyramids and through the World of Art. By making their work so perfect, the sculptors expressed their devotion to the goddess Athena, to whom the Parthenon was dedicated. Throughout the ages much of art has been created to express deep spiritual feelings. As acts of devotion and honor they add an essential ingredient to art – emotion. Without emotion, even the most harmonious work will not truly stir us.

Sidebar:

Athena is the Greek goddess of reason, arts, and literature. She is the goddess of the city of Athens, which is named for her.

How does the sidebar help readers better understand the passage?

the sentence does not violate the phrase structure second rule (introduced by noam chomsky) because noun phrases consist of a determiner such as a, the or every, and a noun. in the sentence, the noun phrase the cake includes a determiner (the) and a noun (cake).

on the other hand, the first rule indicates that a sentence encloses a noun phrase, followed by a verb phrase. the example sentence can be analysed as follows:

john (n) + ate (v) + the (det) + cake (n).

1. read the following excerpt from franklin d. roosevelt's "fireside chat 19":

on the other side of the picture, we must learn also to know that guerilla warfare against the germans in, let us say serbia or norway, us; that a successful russian offensive against the germans us; and that british successes on land or sea in any part of the world strengthen our hands.

remember always that germany and italy, regardless of any formal declaration of war, consider themselves at war with the united states at this moment just as much as they consider themselves at war with britain or russia. and germany puts all the other republics of the americas into the same category of enemies. the people of our sister republics of this hemisphere can be honored by that fact.  

the true goal we seek is far above and beyond the ugly field of battle. when we resort to force, as now we must, we are determined that this force shall be directed toward ultimate good as well as against immediate evil. we americans are not destroyers — we are builders.

analyze the effectiveness of this excerpt. how does it function within the speech as a whole? how does the structure of the excerpt to convey the speech's purpose and key points? support your argument with evidence from the speech. (10 points)

the answer should be b.

explanation:

it should be b because she researched before writing so it would be in past tense. "the author researches her subject before she had written the first draft.