Which is most clearly a topic sentence? Volcanoes may be scary, but they are the result of simple and very
natural processes. Volcanoes are holes in the Earth's crust where
substances from beneath the surface, such as hot gases and molten
rock, can escape. "You can think of a volcano as a paper cut or a
pimple on the Earth," says volcanologist Roberta Alvarez. They're
usually not a big deal on the scale of the whole planet, but they're a big
deal to us." Sometimes these eruptions can be small and ongoing,
such as the Mt. Kilauea eruption in Hawaii that has been occurring
since 1983. Other times, as was the case with Mt. St. Helens in
Oregon, the eruptions are abrupt and violent. When the lava and ash
emitted from a volcano cool and harden, they gradually form
mountains.

Volcanoes may be scary, but they are the result of simple and very natural processes.

Explanation:

The options you were given are the following:

The topic sentence is the most important sentence of a paragraph. It's usually its first sentence, and it summarizes the information it contains.

The sentence that fulfills the given criteria is the first sentence: Volcanoes may be scary, but they are the result of simple and very natural processes.  The paragraph tells us about volcanoes, about what they are and their significance. The first sentence summarizes this information well, unlike the rest of the options, which contain details.

the answer is love is powerful hop this

a-he encouraged islamic schools to introduce greek texts.

d-he invited greek scholars to teach their texts to the locals.

explanation:

the transmission of the greek classics to latin western europe during the middle ages was a key factor in the development of intellectual life in western europe.[1] interest in greek texts and their availability was scarce in the latin west during the earlier middle ages, but as traffic to the east increased so did western scholarship.

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