1. PART A: Which of the following identifies a central idea of the text? A) Europe’s changing religious makeup resulted in shifts of power as well as political and religious divisions throughout the continent.
B) Europe became more divided as Christianity pushed out paganism, and leaders began to use religion as a means to discriminate against groups of people.
C) Europe’s shift toward supporting primarily Christian religions, resulted in less fighting and violence, as Christianity promoted moral behavior.
D) European rulers primarily used Christianity as a means to control their people and to increase their own wealth and influence.

2. PART B: Which detail from the text best supports the answer to Part A?

A) “The first Christians made contact with powerful tribal leaders, who converted for political reasons more often that spiritual ones.” ( Paragraph 6)
B) “Europeans would have been loyal to their small kingdom or duchy, and they also would have been loyal to ‘Christendom,’ which referred to every country that Christians lived in.” ( Paragraph 10)
C) “While the Catholic Church had been accused of corruption before, and selling indulgences had been criticized before, Luther’s incredibly public act came at a time when the Catholic Church was ripe for reform.” ( Paragraph 11)
D) “The Piece of Westphalia recognized three separate Christian traditions — Roman Catholicism, Lutheranism, and Calvinism — and prompted the reorganization of Europe into nation states.”

3. PART A: Which statement best describes the relationship between paganism and Christianity?

A) Christian leaders converted the few practicing pagans in Europe during the Middle Ages because they viewed them as a threat to their belief systems.
B) Most of Europe converted to Christianity from paganism because Christianity was considered the ruling religion throughout the rest of the world.
C) Although Christianity eventually replaced paganism as the ruling religion in Europe, it adopted some of its practices from pagan traditions.
D) Tribes in Europe during the Middle Ages converted to paganism because it more accurately represented their beliefs.

4. PART B: Which detail from the text best supports the answer to Part A?

A) “At the time, Christians in Europe saw any religion that was not Christianity, Islam, or Judaism as a pagan religion.” ( Paragraph 3)
B) “They believed there were godly wills and stories tied to natural phenomena, like seasons, as well as to natural elements like the springs, rocks, and hills.”
C) “Often, towns simply attached a saint’s name to whatever natural item they believed had protected them according to their pagan beliefs and continued to leave offerings there.”
D) “These tribal leaders then encouraged their tribes to convert, and the tribes did so by intertwining Christian beliefs with their old pagan beliefs.”

5. How does the author support the idea that religion had an important influence on politics in Europe?

Industrialization in europe changed the way people lived. the urban working class came into being, and with it came the drudgery of work. which two parts of this excerpt from franz kafka's the metamorphosis most closely reflect this impact of industrialization on people's lives? "what's happened to me? " he thought. it wasn't a dream. his room, a proper human room although a little too small, lay peacefully between its four familiar walls. a collection of textile samples lay spread out on the table—samsa was a travelling salesman—and above it there hung a picture that he had recently cut out of an illustrated magazine and housed in a nice, gilded frame. it showed a lady fitted out with a fur hat and fur boa who sat upright, raising a heavy fur muff that covered the whole of her lower arm towards the viewer. gregor then turned to look out the window at the dull weather. drops of rain could be heard hitting the pane, which made him feel quite sad. "how about if i sleep a little bit longer and forget all this nonsense," he thought, but that was something he was unable to do because he was used to sleeping on his right, and in his present state couldn't get into that position. however hard he threw himself onto his right, he always rolled back to where he was. he must have tried it a hundred times, shut his eyes so that he wouldn't have to look at the floundering legs, and only stopped when he began to feel a mild, dull pain there that he had never felt before. "oh, no", he thought, "what a strenuous career it is that i've chosen! travelling day in and day out. doing business like this takes much more effort than doing your own business at home, and on top of that there's the curse of travelling, worries about making train connections, bad and irregular food, contact with different people all the time so that you can never get to know anyone or become friendly with them. they can all go away! " he felt a slight itch up on his belly; pushed himself slowly up on his back towards the headboard so that he could lift his head better; found where the itch was, and saw that it was covered with lots of little white spots which he didn't know what to make of; and when he tried to feel the place with one of his legs he drew it quickly back because as soon as he touched it he was overcome by a cold shudder. he slid back into his former position. "getting up early all the time", he thought, "it makes you stupid. you've got to get enough sleep. other travelling salesmen live a life of luxury. for instance, whenever i go back to the guest house during the morning to copy out the contract, these gentlemen are always still sitting there eating their breakfasts. i ought to just try that with my boss; i'd get kicked out on the spot. but who knows, maybe that would be the best thing for me. if i didn't have my parents to think about i'd have given in my notice a long time ago, i'd have gone up to the boss and told him just what i think, tell him everything i would, let him know just what i feel."

Passage: mrs. smith’s sixth-grade class filed onto the grassy field behind the middle school after lunch. as she exited the building, chelsea looked around for her closest friend, brittany. she spotted her by the swings, talking to their classmate brian. 2 “brian thinks he’s the fastest person in mrs. smith’s class,” brittany told her when she had joined them. it was obvious that brittany didn’t agree with brian. 3 “i guarantee i can beat anyone in this class to a race,” brian said, tugging on the scarlet baseball cap that he wore each and every day. “in fact, i bet i can run faster than the seventh, eighth, and even ninth graders, too! ” 4chelsea rolled her eyes, but wasn’t astonished by his declaration. brian was typically overconfident; he was always challenging other students and expecting to win. according to brian, he was so talented that he could hit more home runs than children on the baseball team and even could repeatedly make more baskets than the boys and girls on the basketball team. 5 “who dares to challenge me? ” brian shouted, directing his question to every student on the playground. the students looked around, but no one volunteered. 6 “i’ll race you,” chelsea said, breaking the awkward silence. she knew she wasn’t the fastest person on the playground, but if she possessed the determination necessary to win, perhaps she could complete the race first. 7 “first person around the field wins,” said brian, stretching his legs and jumping up and down to ready himself for the race. 8they approached the starting line, and brittany counted to three. 9 “see you at the finish line! ” brian exclaimed and left chelsea in the dust. 10brian soon disappeared around the first turn. chelsea took a deep breath and continued to run at a quick pace. the sun was warm and she soon grew tired, but she didn’t stop. ahead, brian approached the finish line and as he began to celebrate, she watched him trip over a small mound of dirt and fall to the ground. 11as chelsea reached the finish line, she noticed that brian was still seated on the ground, rubbing his injured knee. instead of running past him and winning the race, chelsea stooped down to him stand. he leaned on her shoulder, and they completed the race together. 12 “you could've won,” brian said as their friends came out to congratulate them. 13chelsea smiled. “friends are more important than winning,” she said. 14brian smiled at her. “my thoughts exactly,” he said question: which action in the story advance the plot the most? a) when chelsea accepts brian's challenge to race him b) when chelsea rolled her eyes at irritation at brian's pride c) when chelsea reached the finish line and brian finish the race d) when brittany told chelsea that brian thinks he's the fastest in the class

Pioneers found ideal farming land. this sentence contains: *a gerund phrase *a participle phrase * an infinitive phrase