In addition to studying the natural onset of teen sleep, many have looked into the amount of sleep teens need. The evidence supports the conclusion that teens need more than nine hours of sleep each night. In “Teens Need More Sleep, Experts Say,” a study reports that “almost all high school and college students do not get enough sleep.” Additionally, a work entitled “The Sleep Needs, Patterns and Difficulties of Adolescents: Summary of a Workshop” reports 26 percent of adolescents are getting 6 or fewer hours of sleep each night. With some 29 million teens in the nation, that means more than 5 million are trying to function without sufficient sleep. Along with researchers, many parents believe that the fault lies with the times. The University of California at Berkeley sponsors a website on which parents around the country weigh in on the sleep troubles their teens face. The biggest problem, they say, is the sleep deficit caused by school classes that start as early as 6:20 A. M. In online forums on the topic, parents note that at many schools a single section of a specialty class such as advanced placement is only offered at an early hour. They argue that schools need to start later. In Minnesota, one community embraced the later start in 1996. In the town of Edina, high-school classes no longer start at 7:25 A. M. but instead begin at 8:30 A. M. If a teen’s biological clock kicks in for sleep around 11:00 P. M., a teen who lives in Edina can get almost nine hours of sleep before a rush to the bus. Has the change made any difference in Edina? A year after the change, teachers reported much more positive and interactive first-period classes. They also noted that their sixth-period classes were no longer outperforming the first-period ones. A few more school districts have altered their start times, but there still is no national trend toward later classes. Until school leaders commit to the changes the studies recommend, though, there are positive steps teens may take to improve the amount of sleep they get. First, set a bedtime and stick with it. Next, avoid caffeine, which inhibits restful sleep as many as 12 hours after consumption. Get fresh air and exercise daily. And finally, pay attention to your body. Sleep when you need sleep. Stop over programming yourself. You have a lifetime ahead that depends on the good sleep you can give yourself tonight. Sleep on it. 13 Select the correct answer. Which group is the most likely intended audience of the passage? A. parents B. scientists C. teenagers D. school authorities

Acommunity park it was friday, and as she walked home from school, samara thought about what she would do that weekend. everyone would be at the fund-raiser for new sports equipment at the high school on saturday. as she was trying to remember if any good movies were coming out this weekend, she noticed a group of kids playing tag. samara thought they looked comical running around in circles on a small plot of land between two houses. “well, they certainly seem happy,” thought samara as the light turned and she crossed the street. on the opposite side of cherry street, samara saw mr. peters sitting on a bench. he was reading his newspaper as the heavy traffic of the town’s main thoroughfare whizzed by him. she wondered how he could concentrate. later, as she took the last turn onto her street, samara saw her neighbor planting her annual vegetable garden. every year, mrs. yang grew eggplant, cucumbers, and bok choy, because that’s all she had room for. “the garden looks good so far, mrs. yang,” samara called. “ you, dear,” mrs. yang said. “you know, if i had room, i would plant enough vegetables to feed the entire neighborhood! my mother had a garden that was one square acre when i was a little girl in korea.” as samara nodded and waved goodbye, she started thinking about what she had seen on her walk home that day. she realized that pine grove did not have any open public spaces where everyone could go to relax and enjoy nature. the only unused space was a vacated plot on cedar avenue that was completely overgrown. suddenly, samara had a great idea. she decided to spend her summer campaigning for a new community park. the only problem was that she had no idea where to start. that evening, she went to the library and learned about what she would need to do in order to get the idea in front of the town zoning board. it was all a little intimidating, but wanda, the reference librarian, samara break it down into manageable steps. when samara mentioned the cedar avenue plot, wanda’s eyes lit up. “that is a perfect spot,” wanda said. “it’s right in the middle of town, and better yet, the town owns it.” samara spent many afternoons over the next few weeks at the library with wanda and a few other librarians drawing up a detailed plan to present to town officials. samara and the librarians even planned and priced out irrigation necessary for the area that was designated as a garden. when the day of the zoning board meeting arrived, samara felt nervous, but wanda and the other librarians were there for moral support. samara thought she at least sounded confident as she presented her idea to the board. when she finished her presentation, she was ready to wait patiently for an answer; wanda told her that this kind of decision might take weeks, so samara was surprised when the board members asked her to stay while they deliberated. the president of the board explained that samara’s presentation had been the last order of business for the day, and he wanted his board to be able to agree on one thing before they left. after about 15 minutes, samara was informed that the community park had been approved. samara had been telling her neighbors and friends about the park from the moment she thought of it, and it seemed as though everyone wanted to be a part of making her vision a reality. as soon as her idea was approved, samara called a meeting for anyone interested in collaborating. at the meeting, residents voted on what would be included on the land: a playset for young children and one for older children, a swing set, several park benches, and a dog run. it was also decided that there would be a cooperative organic vegetable garden and an herb garden at the north end of the park. residents agreed that mrs. yang would manage the gardens. at wanda’s suggestion, samara asked a representative from a nearby horticultural society to come and advise the group on the design of the park, the best native shrubs to plant, and where to put them. samara also asked local businesses to sponsor the park by the square foot so that the community would be able to afford equipment and plants. surprised by the response, samara went to the bank to open an account where the surplus would be saved for next spring. in a few weeks’ time, the space had been cleared and residents were beginning to roll out sod and plant small vegetable plants and summer flowers. by midsummer, the community was able to enjoy the new, peaceful space. samara was happy to have been part of creating not only a beautiful space, but a common area where residents could come together. which conclusions can be drawn from the last paragraph of this story? select each correct answer. a. wanda is eager to begin gardening with samara and mrs. yang. b. samara's family proudly joins the park staff. c. samara feels a sense of accomplishment. d. samara will run a workshop for less-experienced gardeners. e. business owners in pine grove support its beautification.