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It is often assumed that there has been a dramatic change in fathers' involvement with their children in the last twenty or thirty years. Whilst there has been some increase in time men spend with their children, their participation in housework and child-related chores has not changed dramatically. The idea that fathers are important, on the other hand, has been constantly reiterated over many centuries.

There is a much longer history of paternity leave than has been realised - throughout the twentieth century fathers took time off work to support their wives around the time of birth, although official paternity leave was not introduced until 2003.

The emphasis on equality between mothers and fathers in child custody is also not new - this premise was crucial in debates surrounding the 1925 Guardianship Act.

The cultural and historical assumptions surrounding fatherhood have a tangible impact on the attitudes towards and experiences of homosexual fathers, adoptive fathers and single fathers, with clear implications for policies relating to child custody and paternity leave.

The inaccurate assumption that there was a lack of paternal involvement in the past colours our interpretation of fatherhood today: if previous generations of fathers were largely absent, even a small amount of participation by modern fathers is seen as 'good progress'.

The celebration of close father-child relationships is certainly positive, but we must reject suggestions that this has only developed since the 1970s or even 1990s.

Policies today should be designed to ensure all parents, regardless of sex or form of family, can exercise choice to be active parents

Explanation:

the answer is chance