What is a participial phrase?

Based on this excerpt the authors are mostly likely to attempt to answer which question?

You were given an exceptional iq so obviously you made valedictorian to change the tone of the sentence from resentful to complimentary, without changing the central meaning, which word most needs to be replaced? o a. exceptional o b. valedictorian o c. given o d. obviously

In the real world, feldman learned to settle for less than 95 percent. he came to consider a company “honest” if its payment rate was above 90 percent. he considered a rate between 80 and 90 percent “annoying but tolerable.” if a company habitually paid below 80 percent, feldman might post a hectoring note, like this one: the cost of bagels has gone up dramatically since the beginning of the year. unfortunately, the number of bagels that disappear without being paid for has also gone up. don’t let that continue. i don’t imagine that you would teach your children to cheat, so why do it yourselves? the excerpt serves as which type of support for the authors’ argument? a claim an example a conclusion a counterclaim