What is one central theme of Ernest Shackleton’s South!? A. how difficult the struggle against nature can be B. the complexity of the fight against social norms C. the depth of the human need for friendship D. the importance of leadership in overcoming danger

the people of renaissance florence, like most city–states of the era, were composed of four social classes: the nobles, the merchants, the tradesmen and the unskilled workers.

the nobles lived on large estates outside the city walls. they owned most of the city’s land, so the nobles controlled. the nobles served as military officers, royal advisers and as politicians.

baldassare castiglione described the proper manners of a noble in the book of the courtier (1528). castiglione wrote that a noble must have training to be an able warrior and social talents such as wit, the ability to dance, and “a certain grace that makes all his activities seem effortless and unconscious.”

the nobles were disdainful of the merchant class, who gained wealth in industries like wool processing, shipbuilding and banking. the merchants sought to protect their wealth by controlling the government and marrying into noble families. they became patrons of great artists in order to gain public favor.

the tradesmen of florence were the crafts workers and shopkeepers. most tradesmen belonged to guilds, organizations that established standards of quality, set rules for membership, and limited outside competition.

the unskilled workers were the lowest class of city workers. these laborers did not have job protection and were very dependent on their employers. workers who violated rules could have their wages withheld or could be discharged from their jobs.