From the Encyclopedia Britannica biography Benjamin Solomon Carson was born on Sept. 18, 1951, in Detroit, Mich. His parents divorced when he was eight, and he lived with his mother:

and brother first in Boston and then back in Detroit. He was a poor academic student in elementary school until his mother began to limit his television watching and had him read two books a week and write book reports. In 2008, Pres. George W. Bush awarded Carson the Presidential Medal of Freedom. In 2009 a movie about Carson's life, Gifted Hands: The Ben Carson Story premiered on television. Carson was the author of an autobiography, Gifted Hands (1990), written with Cecil Murphey, as well as several motivational books.

In 1983 Carson moved to Perth, Australia, to work as a chief neurosurgery resident at Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital. After a year spent gaining experience, he returned to Johns Hopkins, where he was named director of pediatric neurosurgery. There he earned a reputation for dealing with difficult cases using advanced surgical methods. In 1985 he performed his first successful hemispherectomy, a procedure that removes part of the brain in order to control chronic seizures. He also became known for his work separating conjoined twins, in 1987 completing the first successful separation of craniopagus twins (joined at the head).

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