Read the passage from the opinion of the court in Brown v. Board of Education, written by Justice Warren.

In the instant cases, that question is directly presented. . . . There are findings below that the Negro and white schools involved have been equalized, or are being equalized, with respect to buildings, curricula, qualifications and salaries of teachers, and other "tangible" factors. Our decision, therefore, cannot turn on merely a comparison of these tangible factors in the Negro and white schools involved in each of the cases. We must look instead to the effect of segregation itself on public education. . . .

Today, education is perhaps the most important function of state and local governments. Compulsory school attendance laws and the great expenditures for education both demonstrate our recognition of the importance of education to our democratic society. It is required in the performance of our most basic public responsibilities, even service in the armed forces. It is the very foundation of good citizenship. Today it is a principal instrument in awakening the child to cultural values, in preparing him for later professional training, and in helping him to adjust normally to his environment. In these days, it is doubtful that any child may reasonably be expected to succeed in life if he is denied the opportunity of an education. Such an opportunity, where the state has undertaken to provide it, is a right which must be made available to all on equal terms.

We come then to the question presented: Does segregation of children in public schools solely on the basis of race, even though the physical facilities and other "tangible" factors may be equal, deprive the children of the minority group of equal educational opportunities? We believe that it does.

. . . To separate them from others of similar age and qualifications solely because of their race generates a feeling of inferiority as to their status in the community that may affect their hearts and minds in a way unlikely ever to be undone.

What reason does Warren give for making the claim that comparing "tangible factors” is not enough to evaluate segregation?

Educational and physical facilities themselves are not actually equal.
The state has promised to provide equal educational opportunities.
Age and qualifications in public schools are a more reliable factor to examine.
The real impact of racial segregation is emotional damage to minority students.

D. The real impact of racial segregation is emotional damage to minority students.

Explanation:

Brown v. Board of education refers to the US Supreme Court's decision from 1950s that separation of students of different color, although providing equal factors to their schools, as to the "white" schools, still is unconstitutional.

So, we basically have "white" schools and "black schools" in which cirricula, teacher salaries, buildings and all other factors are equalized.

However, the problem that remains is the need for separation of these schools. Doing so, creates emotional damage to minority students, who, in this situation feel like they are less valuable and deprived of contact and socializing with their peers.

So, all those equal "tangible" factors mentioned above don't contribute to true equality if the students need to be separated by race into different schools.

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buckster buckswood