Read this excerpt from the dissent on tinker v. des moines:

the true principles on this whole subject were, in my judgment, spoken by mr. justice mckenna for the court in waugh v. mississippi university, 237 u. s. 589, 596-597. the state had there passed a law barring students from peaceably assembling in greek letter fraternities and providing that students who joined them could be expelled from school.
in terms of supreme court language and protocol, what is this excerpt an example of?
a. a precedent
b. a judicial review
c. a sentence
d. a court order

Read the passage below and answer the question that follows. ‘you make me feel uncivilized, daisy,’ i confessed on my second glass of corky but rather impressive claret. ‘can’t you talk about crops or something? ’ i meant nothing in particular by this remark but it was taken up in an unexpected way. ‘civilization’s going to pieces,’ broke out tom violently. ‘i’ve gotten to be a terrible pessimist about things. have you read ‘the rise of the coloured empires’ by this man goddard? ’ ‘why, no,’ i answered, rather surprised by his tone. ‘well, it’s a fine book, and everybody ought to read it. the idea is if we don’t look out the white race will be—will be utterly submerged. it’s all scientific stuff; it’s been proved.’ in this passage, tom’s ideas about race relations come off as uncivilized. what literary device is fitzgerald using here? irony personification metaphor simile

Why was west berlin in rubble "four decades ago"? a. that part of germany had been bombed during world war ii. b. reagan misspoke, as berlin was not in rubble 40 years ago. c. west berlin's highways were under construction.

Which two former presidents continued to work in government after leaving the white house, and in what capacity?