Which themes of charles dickens's oliver twist does this excerpt from the novel touch on?

excerpt: the houses on either side were high and large, but very old, and tenanted by people of the poorest class: as their neglected appearance would have sufficiently denoted, without the concurrent testimony afforded by the squalid looks of the few men and women who, with folded arms and bodies half doubled, occasionally skulked along. . some houses which had become insecure from age and decay, were prevented from falling into the street, by huge beams of wood reared against the walls, and firmly planted in the road; but even these crazy dens seemed to have been selected as the nightly haunts of some houseless wretches, for many of the rough boards which supplied the place of door and window, were wrenched from their positions, to afford an aperture wide enough for the passage of a human body. the kennel was stagnant and filthy. the very rats, which here and there lay putrefying in its rottenness, were hideous with famine.

a. extreme poverty
b. society's treatment of the poor
c. good versus evil
d. child labor