When the author says, "don't punish everyone just because of a few bad apples," he is

urging the audience not to generalize all teens based on a few bad drivers.

making an ad hominem attack against teenagers by calling them apples.

using loaded words to appeal to the audience's fear of teen drivers.

rationalizing the notoriously poor decisions of teenage drivers.

urging the audience not to generalize all teens based on a few bad drivers.

Explanation:

When someone generalizes, he or she makes a statement that relates to many people, and that's exactly what the author urges his audience not to do:

"don't punish everyone just because of a few bad apples", i.e. don't generalize all teens based on a few bad drivers.

the legal limit for the drivers who can drive after consuming any amount of alcohol is 21 years.

explanation:

on november 1, 1996, a "zero tolerance law" was put into effect in the new york state.

according to this zero tolerance law, for people under the age of 21 years, it was illegal to purchase and possess alcohol or to drive after consuming any amount of it.

also, the alcohol involvement rate for the drivers under the age of 21 was roughly twice that of elderly drivers.

the answer is a)   a sentence of death costs the state "almost three times as much as a sentence of life in prison" (delon 147)