Read the excerpt from animal farm and the passage on the history of the soviet union. napoleon, with the dogs following him, now mounted on to the raised portion of the floor where major had previously stood to deliver his speech. he announced that from now on the sunday-morning meetings would come to an end. they were unnecessary, he said, and wasted time. in future all questions relating to the working of the farm would be settled by a special committee of pigs, presided over by himself. these would meet in private and afterwards communicate their decisions to the others. the animals would still assemble on sunday mornings to salute the flag, sing "beasts of england," and receive their orders for the week; but there would be no more debates. in spite of the shock that snowball's expulsion had given them, the animals were dismayed by this announcement. several of them would have protested if they could have found the right arguments. this tradition of tight centralization, with decision-making concentrated at the highest party levels, reached new dimensions under joseph stalin. . there was little input from below. the party elite determined the goals of the state and the means of achieving them in almost complete isolation from the people. they believed that the interests of the individual were to be sacrificed to those of the state, which was advancing a sacred social task. stalin's "revolution from above” sought to build socialism by means of forced collectivization and industrialization, programs that entailed tremendous human suffering and loss of life. how does the conflict in the animal farm excerpt relate to the events in the historical passage? a.)*napoleon says that he and a special committee will make all the decisions, just as stalin and his highest party members made all the decisions. b.)*the animals are unhappy with napoleon’s leadership style and want to rebel, just as the russian people under stalin wanted to rebel. c.)*napoleon announces that he will bring together all the farms so that all the work and rewards are shared, just as stalin took over all the farms for the state. d.)*the animals have to meet on sundays to show their commitment to napoleon, just as the people had to set sundays aside in honor of stalin.

Read the excerpt from act 2 of a doll's house. nora: [quickly] he mustn't get the letter. tear it up. i will find some means of getting money. krogstad: excuse me, mrs. helmer, but i think i told you just now— nora: i am not speaking of what i owe you. tell me what sum you are asking my husband for, and i will get the money. krogstad: i am not asking your husband for a penny. nora: what do you want, then? krogstad: i will tell you. i want to rehabilitate myself, mrs. helmer; i want to get on; and in that your husband must me. for the last year and a half i have not had a hand in anything dishonourable, amid all that time i have been struggling in most restricted circumstances. i was content to work my way up step by step. now i am turned out, and i am not going to be satisfied with merely being taken into favour again. i want to get on, i tell you. i want to get into the bank again, in a higher position. your husband must make a place for me— nora: that he will never do! krogstad: he will; i know him; he dare not protest. and as soon as i am in there again with him, then you will see! within a year i shall be the manager's right hand. it will be nils krogstad and not torvald helmer who manages the bank. nora: that's a thing you will never see! krogstad: do you mean that you will—? nora: i have courage enough for it now. krogstad: oh, you can't frighten me. a fine, spoilt lady like you— nora: you will see, you will see. krogstad: under the ice, perhaps? down into the cold, coal-black water? and then, in the spring, to float up to the surface, all horrible and unrecognisable, with your hair fallen out— nora: you can't frighten me. krogstad: nor you me. people don't do such things, mrs. helmer. besides, what use would it be? i should have him completely in my power all the same. nora: afterwards? when i am no longer— krogstad: have you forgotten that it is i who have the keeping of your reputation? [nora stands speechlessly looking at him.] well, now, i have warned you. do not do anything foolish. when helmer has had my letter, i shall expect a message from him. and be sure you remember that it is your husband himself who has forced me into such ways as this again. i will never forgive him for that. goodbye, mrs. helmer. [exit through the hall.] what conflict does krogstad introduce? krogstad tells nora that he has written a letter telling helmer about her affair with the doctor. krogstad refuses to forgive helmer unless nora finds a way to come up with more money. krogstad tries to blackmail nora into getting helmer to keep him at the bank by exposing her forgery. krogstad plans to take helmer’s job managing the bank and ruin nora’s reputation while doing so.