Humus is rich soil. how is humus both an effect and a cause?

What is the italicized part in the sentence , all of the operators are efficient.

Ineed . read the passage, and choose the two (2) inferences that are most firmly based on the given information. experts have blamed caffeine for bone loss among older women. but a university study of 138 older women found that caffeine had no such effect. in that study, women who drank more than five cups of coffee a day had the same bone density as women who got little caffeine. 1. bone loss among older women is not a problem. 2. the experts who blamed caffeine for bone loss may be wrong. 3. caffeine causes healthy bones. 4. some older wome

Based on the character description what xan the reader infer about ruth