All of the following can make it difficult to calculate an action’s utility except disagreement about the meaning of happiness. the commitment of the person taking the action. determining what constitutes the greatest good. the scope and time frame of the consequences to be considered.

The commitment of the person taking the action.

Explanation:

"Utility" is a concept used in philosophy, particularly in the field of utilitarianism. This branch of thought states that actions are considered good or bad based on their utility, or how useful these actions are in order to achieve happiness. However, this is very difficult to establish. It is hard to define what happiness is, what happiness should be (the greatest good) and what the consequences of any particular action are.

1. read the following excerpt from franklin d. roosevelt's "fireside chat 19":

on the other side of the picture, we must learn also to know that guerilla warfare against the germans in, let us say serbia or norway, us; that a successful russian offensive against the germans us; and that british successes on land or sea in any part of the world strengthen our hands.

remember always that germany and italy, regardless of any formal declaration of war, consider themselves at war with the united states at this moment just as much as they consider themselves at war with britain or russia. and germany puts all the other republics of the americas into the same category of enemies. the people of our sister republics of this hemisphere can be honored by that fact.  

the true goal we seek is far above and beyond the ugly field of battle. when we resort to force, as now we must, we are determined that this force shall be directed toward ultimate good as well as against immediate evil. we americans are not destroyers — we are builders.

analyze the effectiveness of this excerpt. how does it function within the speech as a whole? how does the structure of the excerpt to convey the speech's purpose and key points? support your argument with evidence from the speech. (10 points)

- "the basic difference between keywords and subjects is that subjects (or "subject headings") have been predetermined, while keywords have not. a keyword is an easy place to start because you can use any word that seems to fit your search; this is called "natural language" searching."