A hydrological system consists of five horizontal formations with an equal thickness of 10 m each. The hydraulic conductivities of the formations are 20, 10, 15, 50, and 1 m/day, respectively. Calculate equivalent horizontal and vertical hydraulic s conductivities. If the flow in the uppermost layer is at an angle of 30 away from the normal direction relative to the boundary, calculate flow directions in all the formations.

Amixture of slurry and mud is to be pumped through a horizontal pipe of diameter 500 mm. the fluid behaves as a bingham plastic with a yield stress of 30 pa and viscosity 0.04 pa. s. describe the effects of the shear stress through a transverse section of the pipe by plotting the variation in shear stress and velocity profile: (i) just before the slurry starts to move (ii) as the slurry flows when the pressure gradient is double that in part (i)