A steel pipe of 400-mm outer diameter is fabricated from 10-mm-thick plate by welding along a helix that forms an angle of 20° with a plane perpendicular to the axis of the pipe. Knowing that a 300-kN axial force P is applied to the pipe. Determine the normal and shearing stresses in directions respectively normal and tangential to the weld.

Amixture of slurry and mud is to be pumped through a horizontal pipe of diameter 500 mm. the fluid behaves as a bingham plastic with a yield stress of 30 pa and viscosity 0.04 pa. s. describe the effects of the shear stress through a transverse section of the pipe by plotting the variation in shear stress and velocity profile: (i) just before the slurry starts to move (ii) as the slurry flows when the pressure gradient is double that in part (i)