A 100 cm pipeline conveying crude oil will need to take a 60° turn from its right way to avoid a rock boulder. If the pressure intensity in the line is 12 bar and the flow rate is not more than 0.2 m3/s, estimate the forces that will be withstood by the concrete support to be provided at the bend. Density of crude oil is 800 kg/m3 while its viscosity is 0.95 Ns/m2.

An ideal otto cycle with air as the working fluid has a compression ratio of 8. the minimum and maximum temperatures in the cycle are 300 k and 1340 k. use constant specific heats at room temperature to determine (a) the amount of heat transferred to the air during the heat- addition kj/kg, (b) the thermal efficiency, and (c) the thermal efficiency of a carnot cycle ope limits. process, in rating between the same temperature