Which of the three predominant equations for friction loss in fluid flow can be used only for water and is primarily used for open-channel (gravity) flow? A. Darcy-Weisbach
B. Manning
C. Hazen-Williams
D. All of the above

B. Manning

Explanation:

The Manning formula is an empirical formula for velocity estimation of a liquid flowing in a open channel, only used for water. The Manning formula is:

Where:

- Cross sectional average velocity, measured in meters per second.

- Conversion factor, dimensionless. ( for SI units)

- Gauckler-Manning constant, measured in .

- Hydraulic radius, measured in meters.

- Slope of the hydraulic grade line, dimensionless.

Both Darcy-Weisbach and Hazen-Williams formulas are used only for fluid flowing in pipes.

In a nutshell, the correct answer is B.

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