The Alaska Pipeline has a design flow rate of 4.4E7 gallons per day of crude oil at 60°C. For crude oil at 60°C, take rho = 860 kg/m3 and μ = 0.004 kg/m-s. For galvanized iron, take ε = 0.0005 ft. For the given flow, take f ≈ 0.0149. The single pipe is 48 in (1.22 m) in diameter and is capable of carrying up to two million barrels (333,000 m3 ) of oil per day, on a trip that takes almost six day. Assuming a galvanized-iron wall, estimate the total pressure drop required for the 820-mile trip.

Amixture of slurry and mud is to be pumped through a horizontal pipe of diameter 500 mm. the fluid behaves as a bingham plastic with a yield stress of 30 pa and viscosity 0.04 pa. s. describe the effects of the shear stress through a transverse section of the pipe by plotting the variation in shear stress and velocity profile: (i) just before the slurry starts to move (ii) as the slurry flows when the pressure gradient is double that in part (i)

Starting wih an energy balance on a rectangular volume element, derive the one- dimensional transient heat conduction equation for a plane wall with constant thermal conductivity and no heat generation.

Agas contained within a piston-cylinder assembly e end nation about same energy states, 1 and 2, where pi 10 bar, v undergoes two processes, a and b, between the sam 0.1 m3, ui-400 kj and p2 1 bar, v2 1.0 m2, u2 200 kj: process a: process from 1 to 2 during which the pressure- volume relation is pv constant process b: constant-volume process from state 1 to a pressure of 2 bar, followed by a linear pressure-volume process to +20 0 state 2 kinetic and potential energy effects can be ignored. for each of the processes a and b, (a) sketch the process on p-v coordinates, (b) evaluate the work, in kj, and (c) evaluate process the heat transfer, in kj