Asecurity administrator is conducting a penetration test on a network. he connects a notebook system to a mirror port on a network switch. he then uses a packet sniffer to monitor network traffic to try and determine which operating systems are running on network hosts.

Active fingerprinting is the process the administrator use in the penetration test and the following uses hacking techniques to actively discover inner vulnerabilities is Penetration testing also vulnerability scanning is made within the security perimeter; penetration testing is performed outside of the security perimeter.