What are the driving forces behind the development of operating system?

Brian wants to conduct an online search with a certain phrase. he intends to use the words books that belong to the 1800s in his search. how should he use the word that in his search?

Suppose a cpu with a write-through, write-allocate cache achieves a cpi of 2. what are the read and write bandwidths (measured by bytes per cycle) between ram and the cache? (assume each miss generates a request for one block.)

Self contained sequences of actions to be performed are? a. expressions b. algorithms c. functions d. formulas