How is "safety-critical software" defined by kevin bowyer?

Michael has written an e-mail to his employees that describes a new product special that will be introduced to the customers next week. by taking time to make sure the e-mail is well written, logical, and organized, michael has made sure his message has the characteristics of a) effective communicationb) ineffective communicationc) barriers to communicationd) workplace communication

Develop the program incrementally: a) start by reading and displaying each line of the input file to make sure you are reading the data set correctly. b) use the split string method to extract information from each line into a list. print the list to prove that this step is working correctly. d) convert the exam scores to type int and calculate the student’s average. display those items to prove this step is working correctly. e) create a tuple containing the six items for each student (name, exam scores, exam mean). display the tuples to prove this step is working correctly. (optionally, you may want to have the exam scores in a list so your tuple is (name, scores_list, f) append each tuple to a list. display the list to prove this step is working correctly. g) use the sort list method to re-order the tuples in the list. display the list to prove this step is working correctly. h) use a for statement to display the contents of the list as a table (with appropriate formatting). i) use a for statement to calculate the average of all scores on exam #1, then display the results. note that you could have calculated this average within the first loop, but we are explicitly requiring you to do this calculation by looping though your list of tuples. j) add the logic to calculate the average of all scores on exam #2, then display the results.

Computer security/cybersecurity1) each of the following code fragments contains a number of security vulnerabilities. for each fragment, identify these security vulnerabilities and, for each vulnerability, discuss at least one way that it could be improved. note that in your discussion of how each vulnerability could be improved, you do not need to re-write a new version of the program in c; simply discuss your solution, either in pseudocode or in 1-2 sentences. a) /* file descriptor leak */#include #include int main(int argc, char *argv[]){ char *filepath = argv[0]; char *shellpath = argv[1]; file *passwords; passwords = fopen(filepath, "r"); /* read the password and do something with it */ /* . . */ /* fork and execute alternative shell */ execl(shellpath, "shell", null); }b)#include /* assume the following function is written for an electronic storefront. the user will enter the id of the item to be ordered, as well as the quantity of units that they would like to purchase. the program will then lookup the price for the price for the item using a predefined function, and return the total cost of the order.*/int gettotalcost(){ char itemid[9]; int price, unitsordered, cost; printf(" enter the 9-digit id of the item to be ordered: "); scanf("%s", & itemid); /* lookup the price according to the itemid */ price = getpricebyid(itemid); printf(" enter the quantity of units to be ordered: "); scanf("%d", & unitsordered); cost = price * unitsordered; return cost; }c)#include /* the following function is intended to return a user's full name by concatenating the user's first and last name into a single string and then returning that string. */char *getfullname(char *firstname, char *lastname, int max_len){ char fullname[max_len]; strcpy(fullname, firstname); strcat(fullname, " "); strcat(fullname, lastname); return fullname; }d)#include /* the following code snippet runs through the list of cli arguments entered and displays them to the console. */int main(int argc, char *argv[]){ int i; printf("you've entered the following arguments: "); for(i = 0; i < argc; i++){ print(argv[i]); printf("\n"); } /* */}