Describe what the heating curve of ethanol shows about the rate of temperature increase and the enthalpy of vaporization. a) the temperature increase converts bonding forces into intermolecular forces. eliminate b) the faster the rate temperature increase then the faster the enthalpy occurs. c) the enthalpy of vaporization is unaffected by the rate of temperature increase. d) the rate for both the temperature increase and the enthalpy change are the same.

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A heating curve is one that plots the temperature of a system as a function of the heat flow into the system.

During a phase change, the temperature does not change. But heat flows into the system. This heat is called the enthalpy of fusion.

Only after melting is complete that further heat increases the temperature.

Thus option D is incorrect.

Option C is incorrect as the enthalpy of vaporization is temperature dependent.

Option A is incorrect as temperature increase increases the kinetic energy.

Option B is correct as the faster the rate temperature increase then the faster the enthalpy occurs in accordance with Kirchhoff's Law.

The correct answer is B.) The enthalpy of vaporization is unaffected by the rate of temperature increase..

The temperature does not change during the phase change so the rate of temperature increase will not affect the enthalpy. We can see this from the zero slope line (horizontal line) during the enthalpy of vaporization.

explanation:

metals have excess of electrons whereas non-metals have deficiency of electrons. thus, in order to gain stability metals easily donate their electrons to the non-metals.

for example, electronic configuration of sodium is and electronic configuration of phosphorous is .

when a phosphorous atom and sodium atom combine together then sodium will donate is extra one electron to the phosphorous atom. as a result there will be formation of ionic bond between sodium and phosphorous.

the reaction will be as follows.

there, are three sodium sodium atoms and each of them will donate its one extra electron to phosphorous atom. thus, the sub-shell of phosphorous gets completely filled.  

thus, we can conclude that electrons are transferred from atoms of sodium to atoms of phosphorous. this transfer makes the sodium atoms donate one electron and the phosphorous atoms to gain one electron. as a result, the sodium and phosphorus atoms strongly attract each other.

1.solid

2.carbon dioxide

3.helium