What does it mean to standardize the naoh solution why can the molarity of the naoh solution not be determined accurately?

- To set the actual or exact concentration of sodium hydroxide.

- It is hygroscopic.

Explanation:

Hello,

Standardization is a procedure in experimental chemistry to know the actual concentration of a solution, in this case, sodium hydroxide. Such process is carried out by titrating the solution of sodium hydroxide with acid potassium phthalate.

On the other hand, the molarity of sodium hydroxide is not determined accurately since it is a highly hygroscopic material, it means that it includes the water in its structure, therefore the determined molarity will not be accurate since there will be an amount of water included into the sodium hydroxide's exact amount.

Best regards.

1. the question asks the most appropriate, which seems to rule out "all of the above." your choice appears to be the correct one.

2. the protocol described is good for identifying correlation, but not cause and effect. for cause/effect, you need to devise a protocol that will assign the treatment (or not) to groups that have essentially the same "demographics" with respect to all the other variables. your choice regarding control group seems appropriate. random assignment of treatment (choice d) may be appropriate also. (i think you can argue that b and d are just different descriptions of the same method.)

3. d will randomize the birds, but may not guarantee there are 10 in each group. e will do both, so seems the better choice.

comment on question 2

based on the problem statement, it seems clear that confident, attentive drivers are more likely to use daytime running lights. so, the protocol might need to be devised in such a way that the lights would be turned on or off without the driver's knowledge. (an attentive driver will figure it out.) assigning a confident, attentive driver to a group required to drive without running lights might mess with his/her confidence and attentiveness. you don't want your experiment to do that. (nor do you want the experiment to subject a driver to greater risk of accident as a consequence of driving without running lights.) experiments involving human safety are always problematic.