Through photosynthesis a simple sugar is produced. where do the carbon atoms come from to produce this sugar molecule? carbonyl groups phosphate groups nadph carbon dioxide

Answer is: carbon dioxide (CO₂).

Plants convert solar energy into the chemical energy of sugars (food).

Solar energy is stored in chemical bonds of sugars (glucose for example).  

The overall balanced photosynthesis reaction:  

6CO₂ + 6H₂O → C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂.

In carbon dioxide, carbon has oxidation number +4 and in photosynthesis carbon gain electrons (solar energy), so his oxidation number is lowered (reduced).

Light energy is transformed into chemical energy, that is stored in carbohydrate molecules (glucose), which are synthesized from carbon dioxide and water.  

assuming that your periodic table has eighteen columns, you should highlight   the four elements in the third column from the left of the table.

neutral atoms of elements after calcium contain d electrons. the energy of d orbitals of a particular main shell lies between the energy of the s and p orbitals of the next main shell. for example, electrons in the have energy higher than those in the orbital while lower than those of the orbital.

by the aufbau principle, electrons fill orbitals one at a time, starting from those of the lowest energy. the orbital is therefore filled right after orbitals and before orbitals.  

potassium has electron configuration and calcium . the s orbital of a main shell holds a maximum of two electrons. the next element would thus have the electron configuration and satisfy the requirements.

a neutral atom of the element contains three electrons on top of the most recent noble gas element. it should thus be placed in the third column of the periodic table. both scandium and yttrium would satisfy the conditions. an aufbau diagram indicates that the 4f orbital is filled before the 5d. however, it appears that exceptions exists for both lanthanum and actinium. neutral atoms of the two d-block elements also demonstrate the and should be highlighted as well.

i don't see a text, but i am gonna assume this *orbit* the curved path, usually elliptical, described by a planet, satellite, spaceship, etc., around a celestial body, as the sun.