this population died out when there were no mutations How did having mutations allow the population to survive the environment change?

Some parameters in the population genetics of mutations*.

Naturally, a review of this length cannot cover all aspects of the population genetics of mutations. For example, mutation plays a pivotal part in coalescent theory (Hein et al. 2005) and in the construction of genotype–phenotype maps that are at the core of some efforts to understand adaptive landscapes, which provide a paradigm for understanding many broader aspects of population genetics from the perspective of individual mutations (‘causes cancer or not’), as reviewed elsewhere (Loewe 2009). Here we focus almost entirely on how populations of individuals are changed by large numbers of mutations that have specified effects on fitness.

In §2 of this paper, we discuss what is known about the diversity of mutations, and here and subsequently we refer to other papers in this themed issue that provide more in-depth information. In §3, we review some of the relevant theory in population genetics, starting with (i) simple theories that treat the fate of individual mutations in isolation before turning to more complicated models that consider (ii) linkage, (iii) epistasis, (iv) quantitative genetics approaches, and (v) challenges faced when attempting to integrate all these. Subsequently, we provide an overview of several general questions that have been resolved and others that remain (§4) and finally some conclusions (§5).2

idk

explanation:

dasdad

your answer would be a. 12.5 kg