The Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer was an international treaty signed in 1989 agreeing to stop production and sale of fluorocarbons -- manufactured chemicals that were very useful as coolants and propellants. It is one of the only examples of a truly universal treaty -- signed by 196 countries and the European Union! -- in reaction to a breakthrough in scientific understanding. Why are fluorocarbons bad

What is an example of a physical property?

What happens when the temperature of a solution increases?

)benzene and toluene form nearly ideal solutions. consider an equimolar solution of benzene and toluene. at 20 °c the vapour pressures of pure benzene and toluene are 9.9 kpa and 2.9 kpa, respectively. the solution is boiled by reducing the external pressure below the vapour pressure. calculate (i) the pressure when boiling begins, (ii) the composition of each component in the vapour, and (iii) the vapour pressure when only a few drops of liquid remain. assume that the rate of vaporization is low enough for the temperature to remain constant at 20 °c.