The lattice energy for an ionic compound cannot be measured directly but can be calculated from the Born- cycle, using a series of individual steps for which all enthalpies are known except for the lattice energy. This method is an application of Hess's law which, states that the overall energy change for a process is given by the of the enthalpy changes for the individual steps.

What can be added to the examples section of each circle? endothermic: ice melting into water, and a heat pack becoming warm exothermic: a glow stick glowing, and fireworks exploding endothermic: ice melting into water, and an instant ice pack turning cold exothermic: fireworks exploding, and gasoline burning endothermic: a glow stick glowing, and a heat pack becoming warm exothermic: an instant ice pack turning cold, and ice melting into water endothermic: gasoline burning, and an instant ice pack turning cold exothermic: ice melting into water, and an instant ice pack turning cold

Given the following at 25c calculate delta hf for hcn (g) at 25c. 2nh3 (g) +3o2 (g) + 2ch4 (g) > 2hcn (g) + 6h2o (g) delta h rxn= -870.8 kj. delta hf=-80.3 kj/mol for nh3 (g), -74.6 kj/mol for ch4, and -241.8 kj/mol for h2o (g)

The ammonia molecule in the diagram has the observed bond orientation because