What would happen to the Earth's hydrosphere if there were no atmosphere?

If a || b and e || f, what is the value of y ?

What effect does a decrease in temperature have on the overall rate of a chemical reaction? a decrease in temperature decreases . the reaction rate will

Which statement explains why the bonds between non metals tend to be covalent? the bonds are found to be nondirectional they have large differences in electronegativity they have small differences in electronegativity they have ions that produce an electrostatic pull