Indica en qué modelos se fueron descubriendo las partículas atómicas y las unidades en la que se expresan su masa y su carga eléctrica

En total son 8 modelos, en la explicación los nombraremos por orden de antigüedad.

Explanation:

Modelo atómico de Demócrito (450 a.C.)

Modelo atómico de Dalton (1803 d.C.)

Modelo atómico de Lewis (1902 d.C.)

Modelo atómico de Thomson (1904 d.C.)

Modelo atómico de Rutherford (1911 d.C.)

Modelo atómico de Bohr (1913 d.C.)

Modelo atómico de Sommerfeld (1916 d.C.)

Modelo atómico de Schrödinger (1926 d.C.)

frequency, z, and the collision density, z, in carbon dioxide (co2), r 180 pm at 30 °c and 120 kpa

hydrocarbons are organic compounds that contain only hydrogens and carbons. they can be saturated (those which contain only carbon-carbon single bonds) or unsaturated (those which contain carbon-carbon double or triple bonds) in nature. hydrocarbons can undergo several reactions like substitution, elimination etc.  

on substituting one or more hydrogen atoms in hydrocarbon it results in the formation of haloalkane. as the halogen atoms are large compared to the carbon and hydrogen atoms, due to which the molecular weight increases and the bond become polar because of presence electronegative halogen atom and results in the increase in boiling point of the haloalkane.

thus, the correct option is (b) that is the boiling point of the new compound increases on substituting a hydrogen atom with a halogen in a hydrocarbon.