How saliva works as a buffering agent?

The human eye contains a molecule called 11-cis-retinal that changes shape when struck with light of sufficient energy. the change in shape triggers a series of events that results in an electrical signal being sent to the brain that results in vision. the minimum energy required to change the conformation of 11-cis-retinal within the eye is about 164 kj/mol.

In the following redox reaction which is the oxidizing agent and which is the reducing agent? alcl3 + na nacl + al oxidizing agent = reducing agent =

650.j is the same amount of energy as? 2720cal1550cal650.cal2.72cal