A bottle of 75g grain alcohol that is at room temperature (23°C) is placed into a freezer that is set at a temperature of -18°C. How much heat, in kilojoules, is removed from the grain alcohol? Grain alcohol will
remain liquid throughout this entire process.

kJ

in the given question, the partial pressure is calculated by using the ideal gas equation, that is, pv = nrt

here, p is pressure, v is volume = 25 l, n is number of moles = 0.0104 moles, r is gas constant = -0.0821 l.atm / mol.k

t is temperature = 273 k

p = nrt / v

p = (0.0104 mol × 0.0821 l.atm / mol.k × 273 k) / 25 l

= 0.0093 atm

c. electrical charges of ionic bonds.