1. you watch water falling from the top of a waterfall to the bottom. how would you characterize this physical phenomenon in terms of spontaneity? what if you wanted to move the water from the bottom of the falls to the top—how would you characterize that reaction?

Water falling from the top of the fall to the bottom is a spontaneous process. Raising water from the bottom to the top of the waterfall is a non-spontaneous process.

Explanation:

Water falling from the top of the fall to the bottom is a spontaneous process. The Earth’s gravity is pulling every object to the centre of the Earth. So it is difficult to overcome Earth’s centre of gravity and raise the water from the bottom to the top of the fall. Raising water from the bottom to the top of the waterfall is a non-spontaneous process.

solute : a solute is a substance that is dissolved in another substance is known as a solvent. it is mixed with a special mixture know as homogeneous mixture.

solvent: a solvent is a substance that dissolved a solute, which results in a solution is known as solvent.

  the   balanced   equation   for   reaction of   ca metal   with   o2 to   produce   cao   is as below

2 ca+ o2→ 2 cao2

  explanation

the reaction is   balanced     since the   number of atoms   in reactant side is   equal to   number of atoms   in   product side.   for   example   they   are 2   atom of   ca in   reactant   side   and   2   atoms of ca   in   the product side.

  the   process   is a   meet the   requirement   of   redox   reaction because :     calcium   is   oxidized   from   oxidation state 0   to 2+   while   oxygen   is reduced from   oxidation   state   0   to 2-