Which of the following is the best definition of a diatomic molecule?

a. molecule made from the covalent bond of 2 atoms of the same type
b. ionic compound with a net charge of 2
c. cation with 2 positive charges
d. compound made of 2 different elements

The correct option is A.

Diatomic molecules are molecules that are made up of only two atoms, the atoms can be of the same element or different elements. When the atoms are of the same element, the diatomic molecule is described as homonuclear; when the atoms are of different elements, the molecule is described as heteronuclear. The type of chemical bond that exist in diatomic molecule is covalent bond.

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explanation:

metals have excess of electrons whereas non-metals have deficiency of electrons. thus, in order to gain stability metals easily donate their electrons to the non-metals.

for example, electronic configuration of sodium is and electronic configuration of phosphorous is .

when a phosphorous atom and sodium atom combine together then sodium will donate is extra one electron to the phosphorous atom. as a result there will be formation of ionic bond between sodium and phosphorous.

the reaction will be as follows.

there, are three sodium sodium atoms and each of them will donate its one extra electron to phosphorous atom. thus, the sub-shell of phosphorous gets completely filled.  

thus, we can conclude that electrons are transferred from atoms of sodium to atoms of phosphorous. this transfer makes the sodium atoms donate one electron and the phosphorous atoms to gain one electron. as a result, the sodium and phosphorus atoms strongly attract each other.