Describe in detail what you know about the enthalpy, entropy, and free energy changes when a sample of gas condenses to a liquid. how does temperature affect these changes?

You discover the enthalpy by taking the aggregate of the inward energy of the framework in addition to the result of the weight of the gas in the framework and its volume 
you locate the free energy by taking the adjustment in enthalpy short the temperature (in Kelvin) * change in entropy. 
positive enthalpy change and negative entropy change is NEVER spontaneous, in light of the fact that with a specific end goal to have a spontaneous response, the free energy must be NEGATIVE. a positive number short a negative number will dependably give you a positive number (see above portrayal of how to discover free energy) 
Dissolving gold bars will build the entropy since you transform it from strong state to fluid. Changing from strong to fluid will build the space between particles, so it will expand the possibility of scatters to scatter energy.

Answer: abeexplanation:

1. the question asks the most appropriate, which seems to rule out "all of the above." your choice appears to be the correct one.

2. the protocol described is good for identifying correlation, but not cause and effect. for cause/effect, you need to devise a protocol that will assign the treatment (or not) to groups that have essentially the same "demographics" with respect to all the other variables. your choice regarding control group seems appropriate. random assignment of treatment (choice d) may be appropriate also. (i think you can argue that b and d are just different descriptions of the same method.)

3. d will randomize the birds, but may not guarantee there are 10 in each group. e will do both, so seems the better choice.

comment on question 2

based on the problem statement, it seems clear that confident, attentive drivers are more likely to use daytime running lights. so, the protocol might need to be devised in such a way that the lights would be turned on or off without the driver's knowledge. (an attentive driver will figure it out.) assigning a confident, attentive driver to a group required to drive without running lights might mess with his/her confidence and attentiveness. you don't want your experiment to do that. (nor do you want the experiment to subject a driver to greater risk of accident as a consequence of driving without running lights.) experiments involving human safety are always problematic.

The air is going to come out because of the low pressure.