What amount of heat (in kJ) is required to convert 14.0 g of an unknown liquid (MM = 67.44 g/mol) at 43.5 °C to a gas at 128.2 °C? (specific heat capacity of liquid = 1.18 J/g･°C; specific heat capacity of gas = 0.792 J/g･°C; ∆Hvap = 30.1 kJ/mol; normal boiling point, Tb = 97.4°C)

1.24 kJ is required to convert 14 g of liquid from 43.5°C to 128.2°C

Explanation:

This is a typical calorimetry problem:

We have to assume, no heat is lost to sourrounding.

First of all, we need to go from 43.5°C to 97.4°C, the boiling point.

Q = Ce . m . ΔT

We replace data, 1.18° J/g . 14 g . (97.4°C - 43.5°C)

Heat for the first stage is: 890.4 Joules

Now we have to change the state, and we need the ΔH. As we do not have latent heat, we can proceed like this:

1 mol release 30.1 kJ at vaporization.

We convert the mass to moles → 14 g.  1mol/ 67.44g = 0.207 mol

0.207 mol will release (0.207 . 30.1 kJ) = 6.25 kJ

Now, we are at gaseous phase.

Q = Ce . m . ΔT → 0.792 J/g°C . 14g . (128.2°C - 97.4°C)

Q = 341.5 Joules

To determine the amount of heat, we sum all the obtained values:

890.4 Joules + 6250 Joules + 341.5 Joules = 1238.2 J

We convert to kJ →  1238.2 J . 1kJ / 1000J = 1.24 kJ

the positions which points up in upward carbon and down in downward carbon are axial

and vice versa holds true for equatorial positions

so the correct answer with labelled diagram will be

it can be observed without changing the identity of the object.

it depends on what substance you're talking about as well as many other factors. in quantum mechanics, the observation of particles affects the observers ability to measure certain properties. for example: you can know the velocity of a particle, but you can't know it's position; or you can know it's position, but not it's velocity. it's like trying to find out where a grain of sand is by throwing other grains of sand at it. once you find out where it is, it's been moved. it's also like trying to find an answer to the question of whether or not a tree falling in a forest makes a sound if nobody is there to hear it. paradoxically, the only way to find out is to be there and hear it.