The ozone "hole" over Antarctica formed as the result of a series of chemical reactions. The loss occurs in part through three consecutive steps in which ozone is broken down: Step 1: Chlorine atoms react with ozone (O3) to form chlorine monoxide and molecular oxygen. Step 2: Chlorine monoxide molecules combine to form ClOOCl gas Step 3: ClOOCl absorbs sunlight and breaks into chlorine atoms and molecular oxygen. a) Write a balanced equation for each step. b) Write an overall balanced equation for the sequence

A)

Cl + O3 --> ClO + O2

2ClO --> ClOOCl

ClOOCl --> 2 Cl + O2

B)

Cl2 + 4O3 -> 2 ClO + 5O2

Explanation:

Step 1: Chlorine atoms react with ozone (O3) to form chlorine monoxide and molecular oxygen

Cl + O3 --> ClO + O2

Step 2: Chlorine monoxide molecules combine to form ClOOCl gas

2ClO --> ClOOCl

Step 3: ClOOCl absorbs sunlight and breaks into chlorine atoms and molecular oxygen

ClOOCl --> 2 Cl + O2

B) Overall Balanced equation

Cl2 + 4O3 -> 2 ClO + 5O2

1. the question asks the most appropriate, which seems to rule out "all of the above." your choice appears to be the correct one.

2. the protocol described is good for identifying correlation, but not cause and effect. for cause/effect, you need to devise a protocol that will assign the treatment (or not) to groups that have essentially the same "demographics" with respect to all the other variables. your choice regarding control group seems appropriate. random assignment of treatment (choice d) may be appropriate also. (i think you can argue that b and d are just different descriptions of the same method.)

3. d will randomize the birds, but may not guarantee there are 10 in each group. e will do both, so seems the better choice.

comment on question 2

based on the problem statement, it seems clear that confident, attentive drivers are more likely to use daytime running lights. so, the protocol might need to be devised in such a way that the lights would be turned on or off without the driver's knowledge. (an attentive driver will figure it out.) assigning a confident, attentive driver to a group required to drive without running lights might mess with his/her confidence and attentiveness. you don't want your experiment to do that. (nor do you want the experiment to subject a driver to greater risk of accident as a consequence of driving without running lights.) experiments involving human safety are always problematic.