1. What is the highest possible altitude Polaris?

Hope this helps!

Explanation:

At the Equator (0° of latitude), the North Star is on the horizon, making an angle of 0°. For any point between the Equator and the North Pole, latitude is obtained simply by measuring the altitude of Polaris: at 30°N the star is 30° above the horizon, at 63°N, it is 63° above the horizon, and so on.

it should be p1 v1 = p2 v2

the mantle

explanation:

earth is divided into three layers: the crust or the outermost layer on which we live; the underlying, middle layer - the mantle - and the core (the innermost layer of earth).