What happens when an X-ray is shot at an atom

Why are the trends and exceptions to the trends in ionization energy observed?

What is the mass defect of a mole of nuclei with 1.8 x 10^15 j/mol binding energy?

The boiling point of propanoic acid is higher than that of 1-butanol because: propanoic acid has a higher molecular weight than 1-butanol. propanoic acid is more soluble in water than 1-butanol. propanoic acid is a better hydrogen bond donor than 1-butanol. propanoic acid forms hydrogen bonded dimers and 1-butanol does not. 1-butanol forms hydrogen bonded dimers and propanoic acid does not.