Kilograms represented by the mass defect for oxygen-16: 2.20 × 10 -28 kg What is the nuclear binding energy for oxygen-16? 3.0 × 108 J 6.60 × 10-20 J 1.98 × 10 -11 J 3.69 x 10-24 J

alchemy hadn't scientific methods of study, appeal to mysticism and fantasy, the knowledge of chemistry and physics were modest at that time.

alchemy was - but as new rules were discovered it either changed into chemistry or it became "unscientific".