Given the information below, which is more favorable energetically, the oxidation of succinate to fumarate by NAD+ or by FAD? Fumarate + 2H+ + 2e- → Succinate E°´ = 0.031 V NAD+ + 2H+ + 2e- → NADH + H+ E°´ = -0.320 FAD + 2H+ + 2e- → FADH2 E°´ = -0.219

Oxidation by FAD  

Explanation:

1. Oxidation by NAD⁺

Succinate ⇌ Fumarate + 2H⁺ + 2e⁻;                  E°´ =  -0.031 V  

NAD⁺ + 2H⁺ + 2e⁻ ⇌ NADH + H⁺;                      E°´ = -0.320 V

Succinate + NAD⁺ ⇌ Fumarate  + NADH + H⁺; E°' =  -0.351 V

2. Oxidation by FAD

Succinate ⇌ Fumarate + 2H⁺ + 2e⁻;        E°´ = -0.031 V  

FAD + 2H⁺ + 2e⁻ ⇌ FADH₂;                    E°´  = -0.219 V

Succinate + FADH₂ ⇌ Fumarate + FAD; E°' = -0.250 V

Neither reaction is energetically favourable, but FAD has a more positive half-cell potential.

FAD is the stronger oxidizing agent.

The oxidation by FAD has a more positive cell potential, so it is more favourable energetically.  

the density of gold = 19.3 g/cm3

the relation between density and mass and volume is

density = mass / volume

given :

mass of gold = 13 g

density = 13g / volume = 19.3

volume = 13 /19.3 = 0.67 cm^3

thus volume of gold nugget = 0.67 cm^3