Which of the choices is not a statement or direct application of the second law of thermodynamics? There are no 100% efficient heat engines. The change in internal energy of a system can be found by combining the heat energy added to a system minus the work done by the system. Heat energy naturally transfers from a high temperature substance to a low temperature substance. All natural processes tend toward states of increased entropy.

The change in internal energy of a system can be found by combining the heat energy added to a system minus the work done by the system is not a direct application of second law of thermodynamics.

Explanation:

Second law of thermodynamics states that heat can be transfer spontaneously from high temperature to low temperature only.

The change in internal energy of a system can be found by combining the heat energy added to a system minus the work done by the system is not a direct application of second law of thermodynamics because according to the second law of thermodynamics it is impossible in any system for heat transfer from a source to completely convert to work done in a cyclical process( bring the system to its original stage after each cycle) in which the system then return to it's original stage.

answer: option (b) is the correct answer.

explanation:

a covalent bond is formed by sharing of electrons. whereas polarity arises due to difference in electronegativity of two atoms.

therefore, more is the electronegativity of an atom which combines with the titanium, more readily it will induce a partial positive and negative charge.

thus, out of the given options fluorine is most electronegative and has an incomplete octet. therefore, it will readily combine with titanium to share the electrons and complete its octet.