The following reaction below is probably:. a. an SN1-type reaction involving the protonated alcohol as the substrate.
b. an SN2-type reaction involving the protonated alcohol as the substrate.
c. an E1-type reaction involving the protonated alcohol as the substrate.
d. an E2-type reaction involving the protonated alcohol as the substrate.
e. an epoxidation reaction.

the enthalpy of formation of water is given as -285.8kj/mol, which states that the enthalpy of formation is negative.

negative enthalpy of formation indicates that the heat is released during the reaction process. the heat is released from reaction to the surroundings the enthalpy is expressed with a negative sign with the energy given out in the reaction process.

the formation of water takes place by giving out heat which is -285.8 kj/mol.

chemical changes occur when a substance combines with another to form a new substance, called chemical synthesis or, alternatively, chemical decomposition into two or more different substances. these processes are called chemical reactions and, in general, are not reversible except by further chemical reactions. some reactions produce heat and are called exothermic reactions and others may require heat to enable the reaction to occur, which are called endothermic reactions. understanding chemical changes is a major part of the science of chemistry.

the correct answer would be b) volume versus temperature, because they are also directly proportional.