Consider this reaction occurring at 298 K: N2O(g) + NO2(g) 2 3 NO(g) a. Show that the reaction is not spontaneous under standard conditions by calculating A Grx b. If a reaction mixture contains only N20 and NO2 at partial pressures of 1.0 atm each, the reaction will be spontaneous until some NO forms in the mixture. What maximum partial pressure of NO builds up before the reaction ceases to be spontaneous? c. Can the reaction be made more spontaneous by an increase or decrease in temperature? If so, what temperature is required to make the reaction spontaneous under standard conditions?

A.) ΔG = 107.8 kJ/mol

ΔG rxn is positive implies that the reaction is non spontaneous.

B) P (NO) = 5.0 x 10^-7 atm

C) T > 923.4 K, therefore, the temperature should be 924K in order to make the reaction spontaneous.

Explanation:

N2O(g) + NO2(g) - 3NO(g)

A) ΔG = ΔG products - ΔG reactants

 ΔGf (N2O) = 103.7 kJ/mol

ΔGf (NO2) = 51.3 kJ/mol

ΔGf (NO) = 87.6 kJ/mol

ΔG rxn = 3*87.60 - (103.7 + 51.3)

= 107.8 kJ/mol

ΔG rxn is positive implies that the reaction is non spontaneous.

(B). P (N2O) = P (NO2) = 1 atm

ΔG rxn = ΔG°rxn + RTln(K)

ΔG rxn = ΔG°rxn + RT×ln (P NO)^3 / [P(N2O) × P(NO2)]

When the reaction ceases to be spontaneous, then ΔG rxn = 0.

0 = 107.8 × 10^3 + 8.314 × 298 × ln (P NO)^3 / (1 * 1)

107.8 × 10^3 = - 8.314 × 298 × ln (P NO)^3

ln (P NO)^3 = - 43.51

3 × ln (P NO) = - 43.51

ln (P NO) = -14.50

P (NO) = e^(-14.50)

P (NO) = 5.0 x 10^-7 atm

(C). For a reaction to be spontaneous, ΔG rxn should be negative.

It is known that:

ΔG= ΔH - TΔS

ΔG= ΔH - TΔS < 0

ΔH< TΔS

T < ΔH / ΔD

For the reaction:

ΔH = 3×NO - (N2O + NO2)

= 3×(91.3) - (81.6 + 33.2)

= 159.1 kJ/mol

ΔS = 3×210.8 - (220.0 + 240.1)

= 172.3 J/mol.K

= 0.1723 kJ/mol.K

From the above expression.

T > 159.1 / 0.1723

T > 923.4 K

Therefore, the temperature should be 924K in order to make the reaction spontaneous.

when—without warning—something provokes your anger, you may struggle not to succumb to it. since what typically makes you mad is feeling powerless in the face of what seems unfair, your anger is mostly an attempt at a “quick fix” to right the balance. it’s as though you’re raising a fist in protest, proclaiming that you’re not going to capitulate to such injustice.

there are, however, a multitude of problems related to this immediate, push-back reaction of anger. and probably the key one is that almost never does it resolve the issue that gave rise to it. such reactive anger is probably best understood as self-defeating. as david burns, the author of the seminal self- book feeling good, observes: if realistically, acting on your anger is to make any sense, it needs to meet two criteria—which, in almost every case, is frankly impossible. that is, your anger must:

be directed toward a person who has intentionally (and needlessly) behaved in a hurtful way toward you; and

be beneficial or advantageous to you (i.e., assist you in achieving a desired goal).

i think you’ll agree that only rarely can you claim that your anger is both warranted and , whether to yourself or the relationship.

so let me offer you a two-step alternative to abandoning your better judgment and giving in to the temptation of anger—one that should neutralize your anger in seconds. or, when you’re really angry, in minutes.

but keep in mind that you must really want to execute these steps, be sufficiently motivated to perform them. which means overcoming more unconscious resistance than you might ever have imagined. because there are many immediate “advantages” of anger that can interfere with your resolve, i’ll suggest a few of them that might interfere with your employing this powerful method to rid yourself of counter-productive anger.

explanation: