There are three competing factors at play here: 1. The effective nuclear charge 2. The size of the atom and the force of attraction according to Coulomb's law 3. A pair of electrons in an orbital The first ionization energy is the energy required to completely remove the first electron from the atom. The higher in energy an electron is to start with, the less additinal energy will be required to remove it, which translates to a lower ionization energy. By the same token, an electron arrangement which is lower in energy will require more energy to remove an electron.

For a family dinner, jose’s mom baked a loaf of bread. during the meal, his grandmother commented, “this bread is so dense! ” what do you think his grandmother meant by the word dense? you have some ideas regarding density already, but this experiment will enrich your understanding of the relationship between mass, volume and the density of objects. when making measurements in this experiment we will be using si units, the international system of units. the purpose of using si units is to have the ability to communicate and compare data results with other experiments without having to make conversions. measurement symbol si unit length m meter mass kg kilogram volume l liters density kg/l kilograms per liter any calculations that are performed during this experiment will ultimately be reported in scientific notation. recall that scientific notation is extremely important when we have data that is extremely small or large. scientists rely on a standard form of communication to quickly make hypotheses and judgements based on data. what is the density of block a? a0kg/l what is the density of block b? a1kg/l what is the density of block c? a2kg/l what is the density of block d? a3kg/l what is the density of block e? a4kg/l which block is the densest? a5