Why can grinding a solid into a fine powder increase the rate of reaction?

Aglow stick contains a glass vial with chemicals. when the glow stick is bent, the vial breaks and the chemicals react to produce a glow. a science student observes that a glow stick kept in the freezer glows for a longer duration than a glow stick kept at room temperature. what conclusion can be drawn based on the observation? be sure to note the outcome and test variables in the conclusion.

Sodium nitrite (nano2) reacted with 2−iodooctane to give a mixture of two constitutionally isomeric compounds of molecular formula c8h17no2 in a combined yield of 88%. draw reasonable structures for these two isomers. click the "draw structure" button to launch the drawing utility. place the two compounds in the appropriate boxes below.

Awhite powder is added to a solution. the images show observations made before the powder is added, just after the powder has been added, and a little while later. (the liquid in the small beaker is phenol red solution.) what evidence shows that a chemical change has taken place?